What triggers phenological events in plants under seasonal environments? A study with phylogenetically related plant species in sympatry

Abstract In this study, we evaluated variation in vegetative and reproductive phenological events of four phylogenetically related plant species subjected to a seasonal environment. To this aim, we sampled 15 individuals of each plant species every fortnight for one year, between January and December of 2017. To assess when a given phenophase occurred more intensely in the population, the Fournier intensity index was used and the synchrony of individuals of the sample in a given phenological event was estimated using the activity index. The Rayleigh (Z) test was used to determine whether the phenological events have seasonal distribution. The relationship of abiotic factors (photoperiod, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature) with the intensity of phenophases was evaluated for each plant species using generalized linear models (GLMs). The phenophases of all plants showed a seasonal distribution pattern, as well as variation in synchrony of phenophases and specific sets of abiotic factors significantly influenced their phenophases. New leaves, for example, were produced throughout the seasons, with intense leaf fall in the dry season. Flowering periods, on the other hand, did not overlap. Indeed, species exhibited sequential flowering and asynchronous flowering among individuals. Our results suggest that the phenological patterns of four sympatric plant species are directly linked to climatic variables, but different abiotic factors affected different phenophases.

Resumo Neste estudo, avaliamos a variação nos eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de quatro espécies de plantas filogeneticamente relacionadas submetidas a um ambiente sazonal. Para isso, amostramos 15 indivíduos de cada espécie quinzenalmente, pelo período de um ano, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2017. Para avaliar quando uma determinada fenofase ocorreu de modo mais intenso na população foi utilizado o índice de intensidade de Fournier e a sincronia dos indivíduos da amostra em determinado evento fenológico foi estimada utilizando-se o índice de atividade. O teste de Rayleigh (Z) foi usado para determinar se os eventos fenológicos têm distribuição sazonal. A relação dos fatores abióticos (fotoperíodo, precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa) com a intensidade das fenofases foi avaliada para cada espécie de planta usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs). As fenofases de todas as plantas apresentaram um padrão de distribuição sazonal, bem como variação na sincronia das fenofases e conjuntos específicos de fatores abióticos influenciaram significativamente suas fenofases. Folhas novas, por exemplo, foram produzidas ao longo das estações, com intensa queda de folhas na estação seca. Os períodos de floração, por outro lado, não se sobrepuseram. De fato, as espécies exibiram floração sequencial e floração assíncrona entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados sugerem que os padrões fenológicos das quatro espécies de plantas simpátricas estão diretamente ligados às variáveis climáticas, mas diferentes fatores abióticos afetaram diferentes fenofases.

What triggers phenological events in plants under seasonal environments? A study with phylogenetically related plant species in sympatry / O que desencadeia eventos fenológicos em plantas em ambientes sazonais? Um estudo com espécies de plantas filogeneticamente relacionadas e em simpatria

In this study, we evaluated variation in vegetative and reproductive phenological events of four phylogenetically related plant species subjected to a seasonal environment. To this aim, we sampled 15 individuals of each plant species every fortnight for one year, between January and December of 2017. To assess when a given phenophase occurred more intensely in the population, the Fournier intensity index was used and the synchrony of individuals of the sample in a given phenological event was estimated using the activity index. The Rayleigh (Z) test was used to determine whether the phenological events have seasonal distribution. The relationship of abiotic factors (photoperiod, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature) with the intensity of phenophases was evaluated for each plant species using generalized linear models (GLMs). The phenophases of all plants showed a seasonal distribution pattern, as well as variation in synchrony of phenophases and specific sets of abiotic factors significantly influenced their phenophases. New leaves, for example, were produced throughout the seasons, with intense leaf fall in the dry season. Flowering periods, on the other hand, did not overlap. Indeed, species exhibited sequential flowering and asynchronous flowering among individuals. Our results suggest that the phenological patterns of four sympatric plant species are directly linked to climatic variables, but different abiotic factors affected different phenophases.

Neste estudo, avaliamos a variação nos eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de quatro espécies de plantas filogeneticamente relacionadas submetidas a um ambiente sazonal. Para isso, amostramos 15 indivíduos de cada espécie quinzenalmente, pelo período de um ano, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2017. Para avaliar quando uma determinada fenofase ocorreu de modo mais intenso na população foi utilizado o índice de intensidade de Fournier e a sincronia dos indivíduos da amostra em determinado evento fenológico foi estimada utilizando-se o índice de atividade. O teste de Rayleigh (Z) foi usado para determinar se os eventos fenológicos têm distribuição sazonal. A relação dos fatores abióticos (fotoperíodo, precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa) com a intensidade das fenofases foi avaliada para cada espécie de planta usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs). As fenofases de todas as plantas apresentaram um padrão de distribuição sazonal, bem como variação na sincronia das fenofases e conjuntos específicos de fatores abióticos influenciaram significativamente suas fenofases. Folhas novas, por exemplo, foram produzidas ao longo das estações, com intensa queda de folhas na estação seca. Os períodos de floração, por outro lado, não se sobrepuseram. De fato, as espécies exibiram floração sequencial e floração assíncrona entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados sugerem que os padrões fenológicos das quatro espécies de plantas simpátricas estão diretamente ligados às variáveis climáticas, mas diferentes fatores abióticos afetaram diferentes fenofases.

Lipedema: más que un problema de "piernas gordas": actualización en la fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico / Lipedema: more than a problem of "fat legs": update in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Resumen El lipedema es una enfermedad común, frecuentemente subdiagnosticada, crónica y progresiva, que genera un gran deterioro en la calidad de vida. Consiste en el depósito anormal de tejido adiposo subcutáneo principalmente en las extremidades inferiores, afectando casi exclusivamente a mujeres. Sus síntomas principales son el dolor, la sensibilidad y la facilidad para producir equimosis. Desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico, existiría una susceptibilidad poligénica combinada con trastornos hormonales, microvasculares y linfáticos que pueden ser en parte responsables del desarrollo del lipedema. Se clasifica, según la distribución de la grasa en cinco tipos y, según la gravedad de la enfermedad, en cuatro etapas. El diagnóstico es eminentemente clínico y se debe diferenciar de otras patologías que producen aumento de volumen de las extremidades, especialmente el linfedema y obesidad. Es importante realizar un estudio funcional del sistema linfático cuando el diagnóstico es dudoso o para la etapificación del lipedema, por lo que la correcta interpretación de estos resultados es fundamental. El tratamiento está enfocado en disminuir la discapacidad y evitar la progresión, con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida. Actualmente, la liposucción es un tratamiento efectivo para el lipedema, sin embargo, las técnicas empleadas para la lipectomía en el lipedema son diferentes a las técnicas utilizadas para la liposucción con fines estéticos. Las técnicas selectivas que respetan los vasos linfáticos tienen mejor rendimiento para reducir el volumen de grasa, retrasar la progresión, reducir el dolor, reducir la alteración marcha y mejorar la calidad de vida en estos pacientes.

Lipedema is a common, frequently under-diagnosed, chronic and progressive disease that generates an important detriment in quality of life. It consists in an abnormal deposit of subcutaneous adipose tissue mainly in the lower extremities, almost exclusively affecting women. Its main symptoms are pain, sensitivity and the ease of causing bruising. From the pathophysiological point of view, there would be a polygenic susceptibility combined with hormonal, microvascular and lymphatic disorders that may be partly responsible for the development of lipedema. It is classified according to the distribution of fat into five types and, according to the severity of the disease, in four stages. The diagnosis is eminently clinical and must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an increase in the volume of the extremities, especially lymphedema and obesity. It is important to carry out a study of the lymphatic system functionality when the diagnosis is not clear or for lipedema staging, so the correct interpretation of these results is essential. Treatment is focused on reducing disability and preventing progression, in order to improve quality of life. Liposuction is currently an effective treatment for lipedema, however, the techniques used for lipectomy in lipedema are different from the techniques used for liposuction for cosmetic purposes. Selective techniques that spare the lymphatic vessels have better results reducing fat volume, delaying progression, reducing pain, reducing gait disturbance, and improving quality of life of these patients.

Tratamiento supermicroquirúrgico del linfocele inguinal con linfedema intercurrente: restauración de la fisiología linfática / Supermicrosurgical approach to inguinal lymphocele with lymphedema: restoring the lymphatic physiology

Resumen Introducción: El linfocele es una patología que puede ocurrir por la disrupción linfática durante una cirugía, siendo frecuente luego de una linfadenectomía inguinal. Existen diversos enfrentamientos para prevenirlo o minimizarlo, sin embargo, los resultados son inconsistentes. Caso clínico: Reportamos el caso de una mujer, con linfocele recurrente en zona inguinal derecha y linfedema distal de la extremidad secundario a una biopsia ganglionar, tratado exitosamente mediante supermicrocirugía para restaurar el drenaje linfático. La extremidad inferior tenía un exceso de volumen de 7,03%. Se realizaron estudios preoperatorios con linfografía por resonancia magnética y linfografía con verde de indocianina para identificar los vasos linfáticos y realizar anastomosis linfático-venosas (ALV). Se identificaron tres vasos linfáticos aferentes y se realizó una capsulectomía total. Se realizaron tres ALV término-terminales supermicroquirúrgicas en zona inguinal y una ALV distal en pierna. Durante seguimiento no hubo recidiva del linfocele, evidenciándose una reducción del exceso de volumen de la extremidad afectada de un 105,26%. El linfocele inguinal y linfedema pueden ser tratados exitosamente mediante supermicrocirugía, restaurando el flujo linfático de manera fisiológica, evitando la recurrencia de linfocele y mejorando los síntomas del linfedema.

Introduction: Lymphocele may occur after the disruption of lymphatic channels during a surgical procedure. After inguinal lymphadenectomy are very common, and many different approaches have been tried to prevent or minimize the formation of lymphoceles with inconsistent results. Clinical Case: We report a case of a female patient who presented with right recurrent inguinal lymphocele and lower limb lymphedema after lymph-node biopsy that was successfully treated with lymphatic supermicrosurgery restoring the lymph flow. Lower extremity had an excess volume of 7,03% compared to the healthy contralateral limb. Preoperative study with magnetic resonance lymphangiography and indocyanine green lymphography were done to identify intraoperatively lymphocele afferent and distal lymphatic vessels to perform lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA). Three different afferent lymphatics were identified and total capsulectomy was performed. Three end-to- end supermicrosurgical LVA in the groin and one distal LVA on the leg were performed. The surgery was uneventful, and there were no postoperative complications. In the follow-up, no lymphocele was noticed and lymphedema had visibly reduced with a reduction of excess volume of 105.26%. Inguinal lymphocele and lymphedema can be successfully treated with supermicrosurgery since it is a physiological approach to restore the lymphatic flow, in order to avoid lymphocele recurrence and to improve lymphedema symptoms.

Towards diversity in science - a glance at gender disparity in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC)

Gender equity is far from being achieved in most academic institutions worldwide. Women representation in scientific leadership faces multiple obstacles. Implicit bias and stereotype threat are considered important driving forces concerning gender disparities. Negative cultural stereotypes of weak scientific performance, unrelated to true capacity, are implicitly associated with women and other social groups, influencing, without awareness, attitudes and judgments towards them. Meetings of scientific societies are the forum in which members from all stages of scientific careers are brought together. Visibility in the scientific community stems partly from presenting research as a speaker. Here, we investigated gender disparities in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC). Across the 15 mandates (1978-2020), women occupied 30% of the directory board posts, and only twice was a woman president. We evaluated six meetings held between 2010 and 2019. During this period, the membership of women outnumbered that of men in all categories. A total of 57.50% of faculty members, representing the potential pool of speakers and chairs, were female. Compared to this expected value, female speakers across the six meetings were scarce in full conferences (χ2(5)=173.54, P<0.001) and low in symposia (χ2(5)=36.92, P<0.001). Additionally, women chaired fewer symposia (χ2(5)=47.83, P<0.001). Furthermore, men-chaired symposia had significantly fewer women speakers than women-chaired symposia (χ2(1)=56.44, P<0.001). The gender disparities observed here are similar to those in other scientific societies worldwide, urging them to lead actions to pursue gender balance and diversity. Diversity leads not only to fairness but also to higher-quality science.

Calidad de vida en pacientes sometidos al tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema: validación lingüística y adaptación transcultural del Lymphedema Quality of Life Score (LeQOLiS) / Quality of life in patients undergoing to surgical treatment of lymphedema: linguistic validation and transcultural adaptation of Lymphedema Quality of Life Score (LeQOLiS)

Resumen Introducción El linfedema es una enfermedad crónica, progresiva y debilitante, con un impacto significativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Diversos estudios han evaluado instrumentos y cuestionarios enfocados en reportar resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema y el impacto en su calidad de vida, desde la perspectiva del paciente. Destaca recientemente el Lymphedema Quality of Life Score (LeQOLiS) , método de aplicación simple en la práctica clínica, con excelente correlación fisiopatológica de la enfermedad. Objetivo Validación lingüística y adaptación transcultural del Lymphedema Quality of Life Score, publicado originalmente en inglés. Materiales y Método Se realizó la validación lingüística siguiendo las guías MAPI/TRUST Research Institute ; traducción inglés-español, contra traducción español-inglés, conciliación inglés-inglés y aplicación de ésta en 6 individuos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y analítica en los resultados. Resultados Las 6 pacientes evaluadas, fueron de sexo femenino, edad promedio 49 ± 17 (SD) años, IMC 27 ± 5 kg/m2. Todos los pacientes encuestados presentaron una considerable disminución de la puntuación total en el período postoperatorio (p = 0,027). Conclusión Lymphedema Quality of Life Score es un instrumento válido, confiable y reproducible para la evaluación objetiva del impacto del tratamiento quirúrgico del linfedema en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Background Lymphedema is a chronic, progressive and debilitating disease with a significant impact on patients' quality life. Multiple instruments and questionnaires have been carried out focused in results of the surgical treatment of lymphedema and their impact in quality of life, from the perspective of patients. One recently published, "Lymphedema Quality of Life Score (LeQOLiS), is a simple method to use in clinical practice, with an excellent physiopathological correlation of the disease. Aim Linguistic validation and transcultural adaptation of Lymphedema Quality of Life Score, published in English originally. Materials and Method The linguistic validation guidelines of the MAPI/TRUST Research institute were used and the survey was applied to six patients. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Results Six female patients surveyed, mean age 49 ± 17 years and the mean body mass index was 27 ± 5 kg/m2.All the patients had a decrease in the total score in the postoperative period. Conclusions The Lymphedema Quality of Life Score is a valid, reliable and reproducible instrument to objectively assess the impact of the surgical treatment of lymphedema in the quality of life.

Sclerotherapy of benign oral vascular lesions with non-diluted ethanolamine oleate / Escleroterapia de lesiones vasculares orales benignas con oleato de etanolamina no diluido

Benign oral vascular lesions are anomalies characterized by the blood vessels proliferation or malformation and the treatment with the sclerosing agent ethanolamine oleate acts irrigating the vessel producing a sterile inflammatory response. The objective of this study was to report and discuss the results from treatment of benign oral vascular lesions with non-diluted ethanolamine oleate through the analysis of clinical records. The sample was composed by the selection of twenty-six patients (12 male and 14 female), with oral vascular malformations. All lesions were treated with intralesional injections of undiluted ethanolamine oleate. These patients attended in Oral Medicine outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Paraná between the years of 2011 to 2015. The average age was 60.65 years, with a higher prevalence for women. The majority of the individuals had one lesion and its location was mostly in the lower lip. The main complaint was about a physical discomfort. The lesions had the average size of 6.52 mm and received a median number of 2.32 applications. Only one patient reported feeling pain in the postoperative week. In most cases the resolution of the lesion was considered partial. Follow-up was obtained up to one month after the end of treatment. The sclerotherapy with undiluted ethanolamine oleate shows acceptable results in the treatment of small benign oral vascular lesions with a few minor side effects.

Las lesiones vasculares orales benignas son anomalías caracterizadas por la proliferación o malformación de los vasos sanguíneos y el tratamiento con el agente esclerosante etanolamina oleato actúa irrigando el vaso produciendo una respuesta inflamatoria estéril. El objetivo de este estudio fue informar y discutir los resultados del tratamiento de lesiones vasculares orales benignas con oleato de etanolamina no diluido a través del análisis de historias clínicas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por la selección de veintiséis pacientes (12 hombres y 14 mujeres), con malformaciones vasculares orales. Todas las lesiones fueron tratadas con inyecciones intralesionales de oleato de etanolamina sin diluir. Estos pacientes acudieron a la clínica ambulatoria de Medicina Oral de la Universidad Federal de Paraná entre los años 2011 a 2015. La edad promedio fue de 60,65 años, con una mayor prevalencia para las mujeres. La mayoría de los individuos tenían una lesión y su ubicación era principalmente en el labio inferior. La queja principal era sobre una molestia física. Las lesiones tenían un tamaño promedio de 6,52 mm y recibieron una mediana de 2,32 aplicaciones. Solo un paciente informó haber sentido dolor en la semana postoperatoria. En la mayoría de los casos, la resolución de la lesión se consideró parcial. El seguimiento se obtuvo hasta un mes después del final del tratamiento. La escleroterapia con oleato de etanolamina sin diluir muestra resultados aceptables en el tratamiento de pequeñas lesiones vasculares orales benignas con algunos efectos secundarios menores.

Migraña: efectividad del tratamiento quirúrgico: revisión de la literatura / Migraine headache: effectiveness of surgical treatment: review of the literature

Resumen La migraña afecta a un porcentaje importante de la población y los síntomas pueden interferir con calidad de vida de manera importante. A pesar de los avances en el manejo médico, existe una proporción de pacientes que no responden adecuadamente a la intervención farmacológica. En los últimos años, se han planteado nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento de la migraña. Éstos se basan en la teoría que ramas sensoriales extracraneales del trigémino y de los nervios espinales cervicales pueden irritarse, atraparse o comprimirse en algún punto a lo largo de su trayecto, generándose una cascada de eventos fisiológicos que finalmente resulta en la migraña. Se ha demostrado que la inyección diagnóstica y terapéutica de toxina botulínica y la descompresión quirúrgica de estos puntos gatillos reducen o eliminan las migrañas en pacientes que no responden adecuadamente a la intervención farmacológica y siguen sintomáticos. La evidencia que respalda la eficacia y seguridad de la descompresión quirúrgica de los puntos de gatillos periféricos se está acumulando rápidamente, y la tasa de éxito general de la cirugía se acerca a 90%. Este trabajo revisa la evidencia clínica y pretende proporcionar un artículo sobre el estado actual de la técnica en el tratamiento quirúrgico de las migrañas.

Migraine headaches affect a significant percentage of the population and the symptoms can interfere with quality of life in an important way. Despite advances in medical management, there is a proportion of patients who do not respond adequately to the pharmacological intervention. In recent years, new approaches have been proposed in the treatment of migraine. These are based on the theory that extracranial sensory branches of the trigeminal and cervical spinal nerves can become irritated, trapped or compressed at some point along their path, generating a cascade of physiological events that ultimately results in migraine. It has been shown that the diagnostic and therapeutic injection of botulinum toxin and the surgical decompression of these trigger points reduce or eliminate migraines in patients who do not respond adequately to the pharmacological intervention and remain symptomatic. The evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of surgical decompression of peripheral trigger points is rapidly accumulating, and the overall success rate of surgery approaches 90%. This paper reviews the clinical evidence and aims to provide an article on the current state of the art in the surgical treatment of migraines.

Identification of equine herpesvirus type 1 as cause of abortion in mares in Southern Brazil / Identificação do herpesvirus equino tipo 1 como causa de abortos em éguas no sul do Brasil

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos casos suspeitos de aborto por herpesvírus equino observados na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul entre 1978 e 2016. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas resgatando-se os dados epidemiológicos, lesões macroscópicas e histológicas de cada caso. Foram observados dois surtos da enfermidade com prevalência entre 5,7% e 50% nos diferentes estabelecimentos, e dois casos individuais. Em todos os casos foram enviados fragmentos de órgãos fetais formolizados. Histologicamente, em todos os casos foram observados focos de necrose no fígado, pulmão e baço e presença de corpúsculos de inclusão acidofílico em hepatócitos, células epiteliais pulmonares e leucócitos. A imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal comercial para herpesvirus equino-1 (EHV-1) revelou marcação positiva em todos os casos. Além disso, foi extraído DNA dos tecidos emblocados em parafina dos casos e submetidos à técnica de nested-PCR seguida de sequenciamento genômico dos amplicons em duas amostras. Estes achados indicam, que EHV-1 deve ser considerado como diagnóstico diferencial em casos de aborto em equinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul.(AU)

Comparação biomecânica de CRIF e placa de reconstrução na estabilização de fraturas distais de fêmur em cães / Biomechanical comparison of CRIF and reconstruction plate for stabilization of distal femur fractures in dogs

O presente estudo objetivou comparar, biomecanicamente, por meio do ensaio de compressão excêntrica, a resistência dos implantes Clamp and Rod Internal Fixation (CRIF) 5,0mm e placa de reconstrução 3,5mm na fixação de fraturas distais de fêmur de cão. Foram utilizados 22 fêmures de 11 cadáveres de cão entre 2 e 7 anos de idade e peso corporal entre 20 e 40kg e subdivididos em dois grupos, denominados grupo CRIF (GC - 11 fêmures) e grupo placa (GP - 11 fêmures). Para realização dos testes, foi simulada falha que mimetizasse uma fratura distal nos corpos de prova, por meio de uma osteotomia de até 0,5cm, realizada com auxílio de serra oscilatória, imediatamente proximal ao início da tróclea. Os implantes foram fixados segundo os padrões AOSIF, lateralmente ao fêmur, sendo utilizados três parafusos distais e cinco proximais ao foco de fratura. Foi empregado o programa de computador PMI para calcular o ponto máximo de resistência antes da falha e avaliaram-se as variáveis força máxima, deformação máxima real, rigidez, força intermediária e deformação intermediária real. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os GC e GP quanto às variáveis avaliadas, sugerindo que ambos os implantes são boas opções de fixações para tais fraturas.(AU)

This study aims to compare the biomechanical properties, through compression eccentric test, of the resistance of the 5.0mm Clamp and Rod Internal Fixation Implants (CRIF) and 3.5mm reconstruction plate in fixing dog femur distal fracture. It was used 22 femurs from 11 dog cadavers with age between 2 and 7 years old and body weight between 20 and 40kg, subdivided into two groups, called CRIF Group (CG - 11 femurs) and plate group (PG - 11 femurs). A distal fracture in the specimens with a gap of 0.5cm osteotomy, was simulated to perform the test, performed by the oscillating saw, just proximal to the beginning of the trochlea. The implants were fixed by the standards AO / SIF, laterally to the femur, using three distal screws and five proximal to the fracture site. PMI computer program was used to calculate the maximum point of resistance before failure and evaluated the variables maximum strength, real maximum deformation, stiffness, intermediate strength and real intermediate deformation. No statistically significant differences were found between the GC and GP as the variables evaluated, suggesting that both implants are good fixation options for such fractures.(AU)

Linfedema asociado al cáncer de mama: factores de riesgo, diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico / Breast cancer related lymphedema: risk factors, diagnosis and surgical treatment

Resumen El linfedema asociado al cáncer de mama es una de las complicaciones más subestimadas y debilitantes del tratamiento de esta entidad. Ocurre como resultado de la interrupción del flujo linfático en asociación a otros factores. La incidencia varía dependiendo del tipo tratamiento recibido, existiendo mayor riesgo en los casos en los que se realiza mastectomía total, disección axilar, radioterapia, y en los pacientes en los cuales los ganglios están positivos para cáncer, hubo una mayor cantidad de linfonodos resecados, se utilizaron taxanos o padecen de obesidad. El diagnóstico clínico y a través de técnicas de imágenes es fundamental para evaluar el estado funcional del sistema linfático. Los objetivos principales en el manejo del linfedema son limitar la morbilidad del paciente, mejorar la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida. Existen procedimientos que buscan prevenir el desarrollo del linfedema asociado al cáncer de mama. Una vez establecido, el tratamiento puede ser conservador y quirúrgico. El tratamiento quirúrgico incluye procedimientos fisiológicos (reconstructivos) y resectivos. El éxito depende de una buena selección de los pacientes y la realización de un tratamiento individualizado. A continuación, se presenta una revisión en cuanto a la incidencia, factores de riesgo, estrategias diagnósticas y técnicas quirúrgicas con énfasis en el tratamiento microquirúrgico.

Breast cancer related lymphedema is one of the most underestimated and debilitating complications of the treatment of this entity. Occurs as result of the interruption of the lymphatic flow in association with other factors. The incidence varies depending on the type of treatment received; being a higher risk in cases in which total mastectomy, axillary dissection, radiotherapy are performed; and in patients in whom the lymph nodes are positive for cancer, there was a greater number of harvested lymph nodes, taxanes were used or in obese patients. Clinical diagnosis and imaging techniques are essential to assess the functional status of the lymphatic system. The main objectives in the management of lymphedema are to limit patient morbidity, improve functionality and quality of life. There are procedures that seek to prevent the development of breast cancer related lymphedema. Once established, the treatment can be conservative and surgical. Surgical treatment includes physiological (reconstructive) and excisional procedures. Success depends on a good selection of patients and the performance of an individualized treatment. The following is a review regarding the incidence, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and surgical techniques with emphasis on microsurgical treatment.

Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor is higher after combat training (Randori) than incremental ramp test in elite judo athletes

Elite judo demands high levels of physical and psychological skills. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be of particular interest in sports medicine for its ability to promote neuroplasticity. We investigated the plasma BDNF before and after a judo training session (Randori) and the maximal incremental ramp test (MIRT) in athletes from the Brazilian national judo team and compared the results between both exercise stimuli and sexes. Fifty-six elite judo athletes were recruited who performed each task on a separated day. Anthropometric, physiological, athletic parameters, and plasma BDNF levels were measured before and after the tasks (Randori and MIRT). The groups presented similar anthropometric and physiological characteristics at baseline for the two tasks. All athletes reached maximal performance for the tasks. Plasma levels of BDNF increased significantly after Randori and MIRT for all subjects, both men and women. When comparing both exercise stimuli, a greater increase in BDNF was observed after Randori. There was no significant difference in the delta BDNF between sexes. Our findings indicate that training specificity of sport gestures influenced the increase of blood BDNF levels.

PTEN loss in Gleason grade 7 prostate tumors exhibits intratumoral heterogeneity and is associated with unfavorable pathological features

Background: PTEN loss is observed in 20­30% of prostate cancers and is associated with a poor outcome, but clinical details of the impact of this biomarker are unclear for intermediate grade tumors. Methods: We investigated 43 radical prostatectomy-derived grade 7 prostate tumors from the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were constructed and PTEN copy number status was determined for all patients through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To determine the presence of PTEN protein loss in our study cohort, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) in TMA sections. We then developed an automated algorithm in HALO™ to identify regions of PTEN protein loss in whole prostate scanned sections from ten patients with known PTEN deletion status by FISH. Clinical analyses were conducted to determine the associations between PTEN loss and patient outcome. All statistical analyses were conducted in R v3.4.3 with P-values below 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results: In this study of 43 grade 7 tumors, we found PTEN deletions by FISH in 18.9% of tumors, and PTEN protein loss by IHC in 16.3% of tumors. Both techniques were highly concordant and complementary. Clinical analysis demonstrated that PTEN deletion by FISH was significantly associated with positive margin invasion (P = 0.04) and Gleason score upgrade (P = 0.001). Digital image analysis of ten representative tumors demonstrated distinct intratumoral heterogeneity for PTEN protein loss in four tumors. Conclusions: This study shows that PTEN loss in Gleason grade 7 tumors can be heterogeneous and that a systematic analysis of this biomarker using a combination of FISH, IHC, and digital imaging may identify patients with a greater risk of poor outcome (AU)

Úlceras del pie diabético: importancia del manejo multidisciplinario y salvataje microquirúrgico de la extremidad / Diabetic foot ulcers: importance of a multidisciplinary approach and microsurgical limb rescue

Las úlceras del pie diabético son el principal factor de riesgo para las amputaciones no traumáticas en personas con diabetes. El éxito de la intervención requiere un completo entendimiento de la patogénesis y una implementación oportuna y estandarizada de un tratamiento efectivo. Es necesario un enfoque multidisciplinario para inicialmente controlar y tratar múltiples factores causantes de la ulceración severa del pie diabético. El desbridamiento, control de la infección y revascularización son pasos clave para la estabilización de la herida y su preparación para una reconstrucción exitosa. La microcirugía y supermicrocirugía permite proporcionar un tejido bien vascularizado para controlar la infección, un contorno adecuado para el calzado, durabilidad y anclaje sólido para resistir las fuerzas de cizallamiento durante la marcha. De esta manera, se puede lograr el salvataje de la extremidad, mejorando la calidad de vida y aumentando la sobrevida.

Diabetic foot ulcers are the main risk factor for non-traumatic amputations in people with diabetes. A succesful intervention requires a thorough understanding of the pathogenesis and a timely and standardized implementation of an effective treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to initially control and treat multiple factors that cause severe diabetic foot ulceration. Debridement, infection control, and revascularization are key steps in wound stabilization and preparation for successful reconstruction. Microsurgery and supermicrosurgery provide a well-vascularized tissue to control infection, an adequate shoe contour, durability and solid anchorage to resist shearing forces during gait. In this way, the salvage of the limb can be achieved, improving the quality of life and increasing the survival rate.

Linfedema: actualización en el diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico / Lymphedema: update in diagnosis and surgical treatment

El linfedema es la acumulación de fluido rico en proteínas en el intersticio, secundario a anomalías en el sistema de transporte linfático. En países desarrollados se relaciona más frecuentemente al tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer. El diagnóstico clínico y a través de técnicas de imágenes es fundamental para evaluar el estado funcional del sistema linfático. Los objetivos principales en el manejo del linfedema son limitar la morbilidad del paciente, mejorar la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida. El tratamiento quirúrgico es una alternativa cuando las medidas conservadoras ya no son suficientes. Existen procedimientos que buscan prevenir el desarrollo del linfedema y técnicas que incluye procedimientos fisiológicos (reconstructivos) y resectivos que se utilizan cuando el linfedema ya está establecido. El éxito depende de una buena elección de los pacientes y la realización de un tratamiento individualizado. A continuación se presenta una revisión en cuanto a las últimas estrategias diagnósticas y actualización en las técnicas quirúrgicas con énfasis en el tratamiento microquirúrgico.

Lymphedema is the accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitium, secondary to abnormalities in the lymphatic transport system. In developed countries it is more often related to surgical treatment of cancer. The clinical diagnosis and through imaging techniques is fundamental to evaluate the functional status of the lymphatic system. The main objectives in managing lymphedema are to limit patient morbidity, improve functionality and quality of life. Surgical treatment is an option when conservative measures are no longer sufficient. There are procedures that seek to prevent the development of lymphedema, and techniques that include physiological (reconstructive) and resective procedures that are used when lymphedema is already established. Success depends on a good selection of patients and the completion of an individualized treatment. The following is a review article of the latest diagnostic strategies and update in surgical techniques with emphasis on microsurgical treatment.

Effect of porcine somatotropin on metabolism, testicular size and sperm characteristics in young boars / Efeito da somatotrofina suína sobre o metabolismo, o tamanho testicular e a qualidade espermática de cachaços jovens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pST injections on metabolism, testicular size, and sperm characteristics in young boars. Sixty 22-day old piglets were divided into two groups: pST (n=30) and Control (n=30). The pST group was submitted to pST injections (90µg/kg body weight) every three days up to 330 days of age. Blood collections were performed weekly. Testicular weight was measures at 22, 82, 142, 202 and 365 days of age. Libido and fresh semen characteristics were evaluated between 150 and 210 days of age. Semen characteristics were also evaluated during a 72h storage period (15ºC). Testosterone, albumin, and phosphorus blood concentrations were higher in the pST group (P<0.05). The pST group had a higher IGF-I concentration in seminal plasma (P=0.05) and higher testicular weight (P<0.001) compared to the Control group. The pST group had higher ejaculate volume (P<0.001), total sperm count (P=0.047) and number of inseminating doses/ejaculate (P=0.047). During the 72h storage period, the pST group had a lower number of morphological alterations (P<0.001) compared to the Control group. In sum, pST injection in young boars increased testosterone concentration, testicular size, and sperm quality.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da administração de pST sobre o metabolismo, o tamanho testicular e a qualidade espermática de cachaços jovens. Foram usados leitões com 22 dias de idade, divididos em dois grupos: pST (n=30) e controle (n=30). O grupo pST foi submetido a injeções de pST (90µg/kg de peso vivo) a cada três dias até 330 dias de idade. Peso testicular foi avaliado aos 22, 82, 142, 202 e 365 dias de idade. Libido e qualidade do sêmen fresco foram avaliados entre 150 e 210 dias de idade. Qualidade espermática foi avaliada durante refrigeração (15ºC) por um período de 72 horas. Concentrações sanguíneas de testosterona, albumina e fósforo foram maiores no grupo pST (P<0,05). O grupo pST apresentou maior concentração de IGF-I no plasma seminal (P=0,05) e maior peso testicular, quando comparado ao grupo controle (P<0,001). O grupo pST apresentou maior volume espermático (P<0,001), concentração espermática (P=0,047) e número de doses espermáticas por ejaculado (P=0,047). Durante o período de 72 horas de refrigeração, o grupo pST teve menor número de patologias espermáticas (P<0,001). Assim, conclui-se que a administração de pST aumenta a concentração sanguínea de testosterona, o tamanho testicular e a qualidade espermática de cachaços jovens.(AU)

Isolation and genetic stability of an infectious bronchitis virus strain (IBV) / Isolamento e estabilidade genética de uma cepa do vírus da bronquite infecciosa (IBV)

O vírus da bronquite infecciosa (IBV) é um importante patógeno respiratório presente na avicultura comercial e tem provocado grandes perdas econômicas em todo o mundo. A vacinação é realizada pela indústria produtora de aves, mas continuam surgindo novos sorotipos e variações antigênicas, dificultando o controle de IBV. Nós realizamos uma caracterização molecular de uma cepa de IBV obtida diretamente de tecidos e comparamos com a mesma cepa que havia sido passada três vezes em ovo embrionado. Nós mostramos uma variação significante na sequência viral depois de ter sido isolada em ovo embrionado.(AU)

Propriedades mecânicas de dois padrões de sutura e dois tipos de fios aplicados às tenorrafias dos equinos / Tenorrhaphy in horses: comparison of the mechanical properties of two different suture patterns and suture materials

As lesões traumáticas dos membros que resultam em secções tendíneas são problemas comuns na clínica equina. Diversas complicações têm sido associadas à reparação dos tendões nessa espécie. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar biomecanicamente dois padrões de sutura e dois diferentes materiais aplicados às tenorrafias. Vinte e quatro peças de tendão flexor digital profundo de equinos foram seccionadas e suturadas em padrão locking loop duplo (grupo 1, com polipropileno; grupo 2, com poliglactina) ou em padrão locking loop simples associado à sutura de epitendão (grupo 3, com polipropileno; grupo 4, com poliglactina). Os corpos de prova foram submetidos a ensaios mecânicos de tração, em que se determinaram valores de força mínima, força máxima e pico de força, além do afastamento observado entre os cotos durante o pico máximo de força. Para avaliação dos resultados, foram utilizados os métodos ANOVA e os não paramétricos de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney (P<0,05). Os maiores valores de força máxima foram documentados no grupo 3. Os valores de força mínima foram maiores nos grupos 3 e 4 que nos grupos 1 e 2, mas não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos 3 e 4. Os valores de pico de força foram maiores nos grupos 1 e 2 que no grupo 4, mas não diferiram significativamente no grupo 3. O afastamento foi maior nos grupos 1 e 2 quando comparados aos grupos 3 e 4. O padrão locking loop simples, com sutura de epitendão, atingiu maior resistência quando avaliado afastamento de até 3 milímetros entre os cotos tendíneos, sendo considerado padrão de escolha para aplicação clínica, tendo em vista os resultados obtidos neste trabalho.(AU)

Traumatic distal limb injuries resulting in tendon rupture are common in equine practice. Several complications have been associated with tendon repair in horses. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties of two tenorrhaphy techniques using two different suture materials. Twenty-four equine deep digital flexor tendon specimens were transected and sutured with the double locking loop pattern (polypropylene, group 1; polyglactin, group 2) or the single locking loop pattern with peripheral epitendon suture (polypropylene, group 3; polyglactin, group 4). Specimens were submitted to mechanical strain testing. Maximum, minimum and peak strain, and maximum, minimum and peak gap formation were evaluated. ANOVA and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (P<0.05). Higher maximum strength values were documented in group 3. Minimum strength values were higher in groups 3 and 4 than 1 and 2, but did not differ significantly between groups 3 and 4. Peak strength values were higher in groups 1 and 2 than 4, but did not differ significantly from group 3. Gap formation was greater in groups 1 and 2 than 3 and 4. The single locking loop pattern with epitendon suture performed with polypropylene had greater resilience, yielded lesser gap formation (3 mm) and is the pattern of choice for clinical application based on the results of this study.(AU)

Profiling of antioxidant potential and phytoconstituents of Plantago coronopus / Avaliação do potencial antioxidante e perfil fitoquímico do Plantago coronopus

Abstract The halophyte species Plantago coronopus has several described ethnomedicinal uses, but few reported biological activities. This work carried out for the first time a comparative analysis of P. coronopus organs in terms of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of organic and water extracts from roots, leaves and flowers. The leaves contents in selected nutrients, namely amino acids and minerals, are also described. Roots (ethyl acetate and methanol extracts) had the highest radical scavenging activity (RSA) towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, while leaves (hexane extract) had higher RSA on nitric oxide radical and iron chelating ability. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified eighteen phenolics from which salicylic acid and epicatechin are here firstly described in Plantago species. Leaves had mineral levels similar to those of most vegetables, proving to be a good source for elements like calcium, sodium, iron and magnesium, and also for several of the essential amino acids justifying it use as food. Our results, especially those regarding the phenolics composition, can explain the main traditional uses given to this plantain and, altogether, emphasize the potential of P. coronopus as a source of bioactive molecules particularly useful for the prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases.

Resumo A espécie halófita Plantago coronopus tem vários usos etnomedicinais já descritos, mas em relação à bioatividade a informação é escassa. Este trabalho efetuou, pela primeira vez, uma análise comparativa dos órgãos de P. coronopus em termos de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante de extratos orgânicos e aquosos provenientes das raízes, folhas e flores da planta, bem como o conteúdo de determinados nutrientes, aminoácidos e minerais, nas folhas da planta. As raízes (extratos de acetato de etila e metanol) apresentaram a maior atividade de captação para os radicais 1,1-difenil-2-picril hidrazil (DPPH) e 2,2'-azino-bis(3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-ácido sulfónico) (ABTS), enquanto as folhas (extrato de hexano) mostraram maior atividade captadora para o radical óxido nítrico bem como maior capacidade quelante do ferro. A análise por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) identificou dezoito compostos fenólicos e, destes, o ácido salicílico e a epicatequina são aqui descritos pela primeira vez em espécies de Plantago. As folhas desta planta halófita mostraram ainda conter minerais em níveis semelhantes aos da maioria dos vegetais, provando ser uma boa fonte de elementos como o cálcio, sódio, ferro e magnésio, bem como de vários dos aminoácidos essenciais o que justifica seu uso na alimentação. Os resultados, particularmente aqueles relacionados à composição fenólica, podem justificar os principais usos medicinais atribuídos a esta espécie e, na sua totalidade, demonstram o potencial de P. coronopus como fonte de moléculas bioativas particularmente úteis na prevenção de doenças relacionadas com estresse oxidativo.